考研英语阅读理解A部分推理引申题型的特点及解答技巧

考研复试机构 2023-06-02 阅读:0




#奇妙知识季#

推理引申题主要测试考生理清上下文逻辑关系的能力,要求考生领悟所读文章内容的逻辑关系,并且根据材料所提供的已知信息进行分析,归纳和推理。判断推理能力对深入理解文章特别重要,特别是理解作者字里行间的言外之意,作者的观点,写作意图和态度。命题专家通常要求考生对文章和段落进行深层推理和理解,不可能把试题的答案非常直接地暴露于选项当中。因此考生应该注意把它与事实细节题区别开来,推理引申题必须以事实为依据,但是得出的结果通常不是事实本身,即不能“就事论事”。
推理引申题对一些基础比较薄弱的考生而言是一个难点,考生似乎对文章读懂了(可称之为感觉良好),然而在解题时,始终不知如何下手,试题也做的不好。这是考生没有领会命题专家设置 推理引申试题的用意的缘故。事实上,推理引申题考查的不仅仅是考生对字面意义的理解,更要求考生对文章的字里行间去推测作者未明说而又意欲表达的含义。解此类题,考生应该根据文中的内容的关系判断,推理和引申。
广义的推理引申题涵盖的范围极其广泛。它既可以就总体信息也可以对具体提问。总体提问通常包括文章主旨题,作者观点态度题;局部提问通常指段落主旨题。但是为了突出这四种出现频率很高且带有典型性的题型,提出来概念。
狭义的推理引申题题干中常有infer,imply,suggest,deduce,conclude等词出现,常见的命题模式有:(1)it can be inferred from the text /the last paragraph/ the first sentence that. ..
(2)we can infer (assume, deduce)that_____
(3) which of the following can (not) be inferred from the passage?
(4)it is implied (indicated, suggested) in the paasage/the first paragraph/the second sentence/the example that___
(5)by...the author implies( suggests, indicates)that____
(6)the passage implies in the passage that____.
(7)the author suggests( indicates) in the passage that____
(8)it can be conclude from the passage that____
(9)from the passage /the third paragraph/the last sentence/the example that... we can draw the conclusion that____.
(10) what conclusion can be drawn from the passage (the first paragraph, the last paragraph)?
引申推理题按照解思路主要可以分为暗指题、推理题和结论题。
暗指题的特点是要求读者体味“言外之意”,信息只能从字里行间获得。对于这类试题,考生首先要分清是明述还是暗指,即言内还是言外;其次,要尽最大可能与命题者达成“共识”,因为命题人事先确定的答案不允考生的认识有任何偏差;最后,要对文章中的有关事实和观点进行分析和研究,按照事实发展的次序,总结出合情合理的结论。
example 1
if experiments are planned and carried out according to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate,then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results mensurable in dollars and cents.(1999年 passage5)
the author implies that the results of scientific research.
a may not be as profitable
d are mostly underrstimated by managemeat
原句是个假设条件句,指出“假如科学实验像科学杂志登载的科学报告显示的那样完全按事先的
规划和实施,那么,对管理层来说,期待研究能够产生可以用金钱衡量的结果是完全合理的”此
处话反说,作者的言外之意是,科学实验总有不可预测的现象,产生的结果也难以预测,因此不能肯定
有效a选项“可能不像预料的那样有利可图”才是作者真正想要表达的含义,
example 2
why mention the elementary schools because thanks to these schools our early mechanics, especial
he new england and middle atlantie states, were generally literate and at home in arithmetic and in
aspects of geometry and trigonometry.
acute foreign observers related american adaptiveness and inventiveness to this cducational advantage.
a8 a member of british commission visiting here in 1853 reported, with a mind prepared thorough
sebool discipline, the american boy develops rapidly into the skilled workman.(1996年 passage4)
it is implied that adaptiveness and inventiveness of the early american mechanics
a] benefited a lot from their mathematical knowledge
[b] shed light on disciplined school management
[c]was brought about by privileged home training是由特权家庭培训带来的
[d]owed a lot to the technological development这在很大程度上归功于技术的发展
这里第二段的首句指出:敏锐的外国观察家将美国人的适应能力和创新能力与这个教育优势联系 在一起。this往回复指前述的最后内容,也就是前一段末句谈到的“技工们有文化并且熟知算术、几何 学、三角学”,从而可知这种教育优势就是熟练掌握数学。因而作者暗指的意思是a选项“它们很大程 度上得益于数学”。
推理题与暗指题虽然有许多相似之处,但是其思路与方法更侧重于推理,主要测试考生的思维判 断能力,即由已知的事实为依据去获得未知的信息。考生解题时首先要把握推理范围—大至段落或 全文,小至词语或句子;其次要严格遵循逻辑规律,保持正确的思维过程和严密的逻辑;再次可以利用 关部分提供的事实、背景知识和常识去推理。
干扰项的特点:根据文章中某些事实亦可以推导,然而又答非所问。
(1)推断文章内容的含义和引申意思
example实例
examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the u. s. , when the standard oil trust was broken up. the mergers of telecom companies, such as worldcom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. on the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. in cars, too, concentration is increasing-witness daimler and chrysler, renault and nissan-but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt. (2001年passage 4)关于当前集中浪潮的好处或成本的例子很少。然而,很难想象今天几家石油公司的合并会重新对竞争造成与近一个世纪前美国标准石油信托公司(standard oil trust)破产时同样的威胁。世通(worldcom)等公司的合并似乎很难为消费者带来更高的价格或降低技术进步的步伐。相反,通信的价格正在快速下降。在汽车领域,注意力也在增加——戴姆勒(daimler)、克莱斯雷诺(renault)和日产(nissan)——但消费者似乎没有受到伤害。)
from paragraph 4 we can infer that_____从第4段我们可以推断
[a]the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers注意力的日益集中肯定会伤害消费者
[b] worldcom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs世界通信公司是一个利益和成本并重的好例子
[c] the costs of the globalization process are enormous全球化进程的代价是巨大的
[d] the standard oil trust might have threatened competition标准石油信托可能会威胁到竞争
命题者设置的难点是第二句中定语从句的理解。原文谈到“目前难以预料,数家石油公司的合并是否会再次对竞争造成威胁。100年前美国的标准石油联合公司(standard oil trust )被解散,就是因为当时人们担心它会对竞争构成威胁”,由此引申推理可知d项“标准石油联合公司可能曾对竞争形成 过威胁”。此外,考生还需要注意,might have threatened 是虚拟语气,表示对过去的推测。
(2)运用数字进行推理
example实例
emerging from the 1980 census is the picture of a nation developing more and more regional competion, as population growth in the northeast and midwest reaches a near standstill.从1980年人口普查中可以看出,随着东北部和中西部人口增长近乎停滞,一个国家正在发展越来越多的区域性合作。
this development-and its strong implication for us politics and economy in years ahead-has enthroned the south as americas head counting.这一发展及其对未来几年美国政治和经济的强烈影响,使南部在美国历史上首次成为人口最稠密的地区。
altogether, the us population rose in the 1970s by 23. 2 million people--numerically the third-largest growth ever recorded in a single decade. even so, that gain adds up to only 11.4 percent, lowest in american annual records except for the depression years.总的来说,美国人口在20世纪70年代增加了23。200万人——从数字上看,这是十年来有记录以来的第三大增长。即便如此,这一收益加起来只有11.4%,除大萧条年份外的美国年度记录。
americans have been migrating south and west in larger numbers since world war ii, and the patern still prevails. (1998 passage 4)自第二次世界大战以来,大量美国人向南和向西迁徙,燕鸥仍然盛行。(1998年第4段)
discerned from the perplexing picture of population growth the 1980 census provided, america in 1970s_____从1980年人口普查提供的令人困惑的人口增长图片中可以看出,美国在
20世纪70年代
[a] enjoyed the lowest net growth of population in history享有历史上最低的人口净增长率
[b] witnessed a southwestern shift of population见证了人口的西南转移
[c] underwent an unparalleled period of population growth经历了前所未有的人口增长时期
[d] brought to a standstill its pattern of migration since world war ii第二次世界大战以来的移民模式陷入停滞
这是一道涉及数字的题目,从标志词1970s可以定位为文章第三段,本段指出:“20世纪70年代,美 国人口总共增长了2320万—从数字上看,这是有纪录以来10年期人口增长的第三高峰。即使如此, 人口总数也只增加了11.4%,除了大萧条时期,这是美国年度记录最低的增长率。”因此,a选项和c选 须与文意不符。接着文章第四段谈到人口普查显示出“第二次世界大战以来,美国人不断移居西部和南 邻,现在这种趋势依然存在”。因此可以得出b选项是正确答案,而d选项与该段内容正好相反。
(3)用类比的例子,要求考生进行推理演绎
examplel示例
there are two basic ways to see growth: one as a product, the other as a process. people have generally viewed personal growth as an external result or product that can easily be identified and measured. the worker who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for their efforts.有两种基本的方式来看待增长:一种是作为产品,另一种是作为过程。人们通常将个人成长视为一种易于识别和衡量的外部结果或产品。得到晋升的工人,成绩提高的学生,学习新语言的外国人,这些都是人们努力取得可衡量成果的例子。
by contrast, the process of personal growth is much more difficult to determine, since by definition it is a journey and not the specific signposts or landmarks along the way. the process is not the road it- self, but rather the attitudes and feelings people have, their caution or courage, as they encounter new experiences and unexpected obstacles. in this process, the journey never really ends; there are always new ways to experience the world, new ideas to try, new challenges to accept. (1995 年passage 2)相反,个人成长的过程更难确定,因为根据定义,它不是一路上的具体路标或里程碑。这个过程不是道路本身,而是人们在遇到新的经历和意想不到的障碍时的态度和感受,他们的谨慎或勇气。在这个过程中,旅程从未真正结束;总有新的方式去体验这个世界,尝试新的想法,接受新的挑战。(1995年第2段)
a person is generally believed to achieve personal growth when_____人们普遍认为,一个人在以下情况下可以实现个人成长
[a] he has given up his smoking habit他已经戒烟了
[b] he has made great efforts in his work他在工作中付出了很大的努力
[c] he is keen on learning anything new他热衷于学习任何新东西
[d] he has tried to determine where he is on his journey他试图确定自己的旅程在哪里
本文指出看待人的成长有两个观点:一是视为结果,一是视为过程。第一段具体讲到第一种观点的 详内容。它是大部分人都持有的观点,看重外在结果因为其可以量化,可以通过具体事例反映出来, 人得到升迁、学生成绩提高和外国人学会了一门新的语言。第二段讲第二种观点的详细内容:成 长是人在遇到新的经历和意外险阻时表现出来的态度和情感,而不是实在的结果。问的是根据第一种 观点,以下哪一种是成长表现。通过文中类比的例子可知只有a选项是实在的结果。
结论题与推理题在解题思路和方法上有许多相似之处,但是推理题偏重于推理过程,而结论题偏 重于归纳过程。解答结论题时一定要根据题目要求,就短文有关内容做出合乎逻辑的、可靠的结论。有 时为了克服片面性,可以扩大阅读范围,否则获得信息的范围太窄,结论便欠妥。因此,解答此类试题既 要以事实为依据,也要依据自己的常识和经验;既要重视文章主题,也要重视发展或印证主题的细节;而 尤为重要的是把握作者的写作意图。注意过于概括、过于全面或过于细节化的选项,往往属于干扰项。
(1)先了解全文,把握主题
考生可以通过首尾段、文章结构、或归纳整理各段信息迅速了解主题。然后再通过主题与细节的关 系进行乎理性的归纳。
example实例
the attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and nimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. as a result, the support for ambition as ahealthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the united states. this does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. conse- quences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. such. then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual. the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. (2000 passage 5)对雄心壮志的攻击是多方面的,并且来自不同的角度;它的公设辩护人很少,没有压力,他们也不是非常没有吸引力。因此,对雄心壮志的支持健康的冲动,一种值得年轻人钦佩和铭记的品质,可能比美国任何时候都要低。这并不意味着雄心壮志就要结束了,人们不再感受到它的激励和激励,只是不再公开地受到尊重,而不再公开地宣称。当然,由此产生的后果是,雄心壮志被驱使到地下,或被狡猾地利用。那么,情况就是这样:左翼是愤怒的批评者,右翼是愚蠢的支持者。和往常一样,在中间。大多数认真的人努力在生活中取得成功。(2000年第5段)
from the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained从最后一段可以得出结论,应该保持雄心壮志
a secretly and vigorously 秘密而有力地
b openly and enthusiastically公开而热情地
c easily and momentarily轻松、即时
d verbally and spiritually口头上和精神上
该段谈到人们对雄心的攻击远多于对它的维护,因此本应是一种健康公开的品质得不到很多支 持,第四句和第五句指出了不公开表达雄心带来的不良后果,由此可以推出人们不应该隐自己的雄 心。此外,纵观全文,作者提倡的是正确对待雄心,坦言自己的抱负、因此b选项“公开面热情地”是作 者提倡的对待雄心的正确态度
(2)把握作者的写作意图
example实例
no clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science. exceptions can be found to any rule. nevertheless, the word “amateur” does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. the growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. the trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory traini, a can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the united kingdom. (2001 passage1)科学专业人士和业余人士之间没有明确的区别。任何规则都有例外。然而,“业余”一词确实具有这样的含义,即受cerned影响的人没有完全融入科学界,特别是可能没有充分分享其价值。19世纪专业化的发展,其结果是需要更长的时间。更复杂的训练,意味着业余爱好者参与科学的问题更大。这种趋势在以数学或实验室训练为基础的科学领域最为明显,可以从英国地质学的发展中加以说明。(2001年文章1)
the author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate作者写地质学的发展来证明
[a] the process of specialisation and professionalisation专业化和专业化的过程
[b] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study业余爱好者在科学研究中的困难
[c] the change of policies in scientific publications科学出版物政策的变化
[d] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs专业人员对业余人员的歧视
前一段谈到,业余研究者进入专业领域很难的趋势在某些科学领域尤为突出,英国地质学的发 就说明了这一问题。后一段通过对19世纪英国地质学及其出版物的变化、研究方式的变化、非专业人 员研究过程的困难等的陈述,说明专业人员和业余人员之间的分化越来越明显。因此可引申推理出作 者的写作目的正是描述a选项“职业化和专业化形成的过程”。
2.推理引申题的解答技巧
(1)推理引申题的划分
推理引申题按照难易可以分为:简单推理题和复杂推理题。第一,简单的推理题。虽然在原 能直接找到答案,但是有间接的暗示和线索。它们与答案之间的关系比较清楚,联系起来后便可以得 答案。而且答案与其他选项差别也较大。第二,复杂的推理题。在原文中找不到明确的解题线索,考生 只能根据隐藏在词句后面的含义,根据作者说话的语气,反复分析,才能找到答案,而且干扰项的于较强。考生在几个选项中犹豫不定,不知选哪个好。后一种推理题是近几年命题的趋势。强。考生在几个选项中犹豫不定,不知选哪个好。后一种推理题是近几年命题的趋势。
example实例
here is an example, which i heard at a nurses convention, of a story which works well because the he takes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. he describes their programmes and tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception and distortion may come as an unpleasant surprise. when their basic motivation is religious, one might have expected more christian behavior.这是我在一次护士大会上听到的一个例子,这个故事效果很好,因为他脱下手套,狠狠地揍了神创论者一顿。他描述了他们的节目和战术,对于那些不熟悉神创论者的方式的人来说,他们的欺骗和扭曲程度可能会令人不快。当他们的基本动机是宗教时,人们可能会期待更多的基督徒行为。
kitcher is a philosopher, and this may account, in part, for the clarity and effectiveness of his arguments. the non-specialist will be able to obtain at least a notion of the sorts of data and

argument that support evolutionary theory. the final chapters on the creationists will be extremely clear to all. on the dist jacket of this fine book, stephen jay gould says: and so it does-and all would be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/ evolution debate. (1996 passage 5)kitcher是一位哲学家,这在一定程度上可以解释他的论点的清晰性和有效性。非专业人士将至少能够获得有关数据种类和论点的概念。支持进化论。关于创造论者的最后几章将非常清楚。在这本好书的封面上,史蒂芬·杰伊·古尔德说:“这本书本身就代表理性。”如果理性是神创论/进化论辩论中唯一的评判者,一切都会好起来。(1996年第5段)
this passage appears to be a digest of这篇文章似乎是对
[a] a book view 图书视图
[b] a scientific paper科学论文
[c] a magazine feature杂志特辑
[d] a newspaper editorial报纸社论
文章首段以20本关于创造论与进化论之争的书开始,然后在第二段和第三段专门介绍金切尔著作 的结构内容和突出特点,最后引用斯蒂芬·杰·古尔德的对话对此书做出高度评价,因此可以看出这 是一篇典型的书评。英语书评的写作特点是:一般会先给出背景知识,接着介绍该书的主要内容,最后 对所介绍的书籍做出一个总体评价。正确答案应该是a选项。
(3)判断文章写作方法
这种题型在2005年试题中首次出现,体现了阅读理解选择题开始从对局部信息的考查转向对文章 组织结构的考查。考生需要了解不同类型英语文章的特点,开头、结尾方式及段落的拓展技巧,只有对 文

章整体组织结构有了清楚的了解,解答此类题型才能得心应手。
example
everybody loves a fat pay rise. yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be ourtaged.such behaviour is regarded , with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of . but a study by sarah brosnan and frans de waal of emory university in atlanta, georgia, which has just been published in nature, suggests that it is all too m, as well. (2005 text 1)每个人都喜欢大幅加薪。然而,如果你知道一位同事得到了一份更大的工作,你自己的快乐就会消失。事实上,如果他有懒惰的名声,你甚至可能被我们打败。这种行为被认为是“太人性化了”,潜在的假设是其他动物不具备这种发育良好的感觉。但佐治亚州亚特兰大埃默里大学的莎拉·布罗斯南和弗兰斯·德瓦尔的一项研究刚刚发表在《自然》杂志上,表明它也太像猴子了。(2005年文本1)
in the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by在开头一段中,作者介绍了他的主题
[a] posing a contrast.形成对比。
[b] justifying an assumption.证明假设的合理性。
[c] making a comparison.进行比较。
[d] explaining a phenomenon.解释一种现象。
第一段先举例:当知道懒散的同事拿到比自己更多的薪水时,每个人都会很气愤。接着文章指出, 这样的行为被看作是“人之常情”,它潜在地假定了其他动物没有这种高度发达的不满情绪。转折but 在首段出现非常重要,它往往是主题出现的标志,即前面的内容被推翻,之后的新观点才是要论证的主 题。该段but之后提出主题:研究表明猴子也有类似的情感。可见,第一段主要使用了类比论证手法, 将猴子与人做比较,找出它们的相似之处。因此c正确
a选项中的contrast (对照)是比较两事物的不同点。b选项与原文相反,原文是推翻了一个假定而 证明。原文提到了发生在人类身上的一个现象,但文章并就此提出主题,排除d选项。

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